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The functions any
and all
are useful for determining
whether any or all of the elements of a matrix satisfy some condition.
The find
function is also useful in determining which elements of
a matrix meet a specified condition.
For a vector argument, return 1 if any element of the vector is nonzero.
For a matrix argument, return a row vector of ones and zeros with each element indicating whether any of the elements of the corresponding column of the matrix are nonzero. For example,
any (eye (2, 4)) => [ 1, 1, 0, 0 ]If the optional argument dim is supplied, work along dimension dim. For example,
any (eye (2, 4), 2) => [ 1; 1 ]
The function
all
behaves like the functionany
, except that it returns true only if all the elements of a vector, or all the elements along dimension dim of a matrix, are nonzero.
Since the comparison operators (see Comparison Ops) return matrices of ones and zeros, it is easy to test a matrix for many things, not just whether the elements are nonzero. For example,
all (all (rand (5) < 0.9)) => 0
tests a random 5 by 5 matrix to see if all of its elements are less than 0.9.
Note that in conditional contexts (like the test clause of if
and
while
statements) Octave treats the test as if you had typed
all (all (condition))
.
Return the `exclusive or' of the entries of x and y. For boolean expressions x and y,
xor (
x,
y)
is true if and only if x or y is true, but not if both x and y are true.
Return non-zero if any entries in x are duplicates of one another.
If x is a vector of length n,
diff (
x)
is the vector of first differences x(2) - x(1), ..., x(n) - x(n-1).If x is a matrix,
diff (
x)
is the matrix of column differences along the first non-singleton dimension.The second argument is optional. If supplied,
diff (
x,
k)
, where k is a nonnegative integer, returns the k-th differences. It is possible that k is larger than then first non-singleton dimension of the matrix. In this case,diff
continues to take the differences along the next non-singleton dimension.The dimension along which to take the difference can be explicitly stated with the optional variable dim. In this case the k-th order differences are calculated along this dimension. In the case where k exceeds
size (
x,
dim)
then an empty matrix is returned.
Return 1 for elements of x that are infinite and zero otherwise. For example,
isinf ([13, Inf, NA, NaN]) => [ 0, 1, 0, 0 ]
Return 1 for elements of x that are NaN values and zero otherwise. For example,
isnan ([13, Inf, NA, NaN]) => [ 0, 0, 0, 1 ]
Return 1 for elements of x that are finite values and zero otherwise. For example,
finite ([13, Inf, NA, NaN]) => [ 1, 0, 0, 0 ]
Return a vector of indices of nonzero elements of a matrix. To obtain a single index for each matrix element, Octave pretends that the columns of a matrix form one long vector (like Fortran arrays are stored). For example,
find (eye (2)) => [ 1; 4 ]If two outputs are requested,
find
returns the row and column indices of nonzero elements of a matrix. For example,[i, j] = find (2 * eye (2)) => i = [ 1; 2 ] => j = [ 1; 2 ]If three outputs are requested,
find
also returns a vector containing the nonzero values. For example,[i, j, v] = find (3 * eye (2)) => i = [ 1; 2 ] => j = [ 1; 2 ] => v = [ 3; 3 ]
Determine if all input arguments are either scalar or of common size. If so, err is zero, and yi is a matrix of the common size with all entries equal to xi if this is a scalar or xi otherwise. If the inputs cannot be brought to a common size, errorcode is 1, and yi is xi. For example,
[errorcode, a, b] = common_size ([1 2; 3 4], 5) => errorcode = 0 => a = [ 1, 2; 3, 4 ] => b = [ 5, 5; 5, 5 ]This is useful for implementing functions where arguments can either be scalars or of common size.